<p>The Shelby County Courthouse in Harlan, Iowa, United States was built in 1892. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the third building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first county seat for Shelby County was located in a place called Shelbyville. After it was moved to Harlan a two-story frame building was erected in 1860 for the courthouse. A second courthouse was built for $4,250 in 1875. Construction on the present courthouse was begun in 1892 and it was built for $62,733.90. The cornerstone was laid on August 4, 1892 and the building was dedicated on November 13, 1893. The courthouse tower was too heavy for the structure and it had to be removed for $563 nine years after it was built. A $300,000 renovation of the building, which included installation of its first elevator, was completed in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Charles E. Bell of Council Bluffs designed the Richardsonian Romanesque style building. W. H. Cockerell was the contractor. It is constructed of solid stone and features a slate roof. The dimensions of the building are 63 by and it is three stories tall. Originally a bell tower at a height of 130 ft topped the building.</p><br>
<p>The Sunrise Comfort Station is an example of the National Park Service Rustic style, located in the Sunrise Historic District of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, USA. Built in 1932, the building was designed by Thomas Chalmers Vint of the National Park Service in association with landscape architect E.A. Davidson. The structure was part of a planned ensemble at what was then called Yakima Park, high on the northern flank of Mount Rainier. Similar structures may be found at the Ohanapecosh, Longmire and White River campgrounds in the park. The low building is framed in peeled logs on a stone foundation, set into a hillside and surrounded by native landscaping.</p><br>
<p>The "comfort station", otherwise known as a public toilet, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 1991. It is part of the Mount Rainier National Historic Landmark District, which encompasses the entire park and which recognizes the park&#39;s inventory of Park Service-designed rustic architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Sunrise Historic District, also known as the community of Sunrise, Washington, is located at approximately 6,400 ft on a ridge overlooking the northeast side of Mount Rainier in Mount Rainier National Park. The district comprises seven individual structures designed in accordance with the principals of the National Park Service Rustic style. The area is inhabited and open to the public only during a brief period in the summer season.</p><br>
<h2>Planning</h2><br>
<p>The area was originally known as Yakima Park, and became accessible with the construction of a new road in the northeastern portion of the park, planned by Ernest A. Davidson of the National Park Service Landscape Division and the Bureau of Public Roads. Davidson prepared a master plan for Yakima Park, by way of contrast to development in the southern portion of the park at Paradise and Longmire, where haphazard development had become a significant management problem. Davidson&#39;s plan included a large hotel supporting a community of housekeeping cabins, an automobile service station, toilet facilities, and the unique blockhouses and stockade.</p><br>
<p>Initial construction was completed in 1932 with the first phase of the Sunrise Lodge, the Sunrise Comfort Station, the service station, the South Blockhouse and the Stockade. The North Blockhouse and Community Building were completed in 1944.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<h3>Sunrise Lodge</h3><br>
<p>The Sunrise Lodge is a large shingled structure with a steeply-pitched roof, built by the Rainier National Park Company in 1931. The 2-1/2 story building was intended to be the first wing of a resort hotel. It was built in about six weeks, serving as the centerpiece of a complex of 200 tourist cabins. The lodge accommodated dining facilities and staff dormitories. The cabins were removed through the late 1930s and 40s, sold to Eastern Washington farmers for migrant labor housing, or for housing around Puget Sound. Foundations for another wing of the planned U-shaped hotel were excavated, but never completed. The incomplete hotel continued in its original function, and is open on a seasonal basis in the present day.</p><br>
<h2>Designation</h2><br>
<p>The area was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 31, 1991. The Yakima Park Stockade Group was declared a National Historic Landmark on May 29, 1987. The Sunrise Comfort Station was individually listed on the NRHP on March 13, 1991. The Sunrise Historic District is in turn part of the Mount Rainier National Historic Landmark District, which encompasses the entire park and which recognizes the park&#39;s inventory of Park Service-designed rustic architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Sac County Courthouse in Sac City, Iowa, United States was built in 1889. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the third building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Sac County courthouse was a two-story brick building that was constructed in 1860. The second courthouse, which was built in 1873, was destroyed in a fire in 1888. The present courthouse was built in 1889. J.M. Russell designed the building that is basically vernacular architecture with a reference to the Romanesque in the entrances arches. The county used $15,000 in insurance money and the same amount raised by county citizens to build the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Roosevelt Inn is located near downtown Coeur d&#39;Alene in North Idaho. Originally built in 1905 as the Roosevelt School, it is recognized as a historic building listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was converted into an inn in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>School</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1905 as an elementary school for grades first through sixth. The school was built primarily to service the needs of families in the city center. Initially two grades shared each class room, and on occasion the school would handle overflow from the high school. Due to growth in Coeur d&#39;Alene, in the 1945 the school began serving only grades first through fourth. The building operated as a school through 1971 at which time a larger more modern school was erected. The original bell tower was destroyed during a wind storm in 1958. The bell tower was not fully restored until 1994.</p><br>
<p>After the building was no longer in use as an elementary school, the Board of Education used the facility as a storage and book depository until 1979. In 1979 the Board of Education sold the building to Jonas Marias who turned the Roosevelt School into an office building. During this renovation a third story was added to the building. This renovation reduced the original ceiling heights from 18 feet to 10 feet. The effects of this addition are seen in the bricks on the front facade which had to be installed to align the new windows.</p><br>
<h2>Modern usage</h2><br>
<p>The school was operated as an office building from 1982 until 1992 when it was converted to a bed and breakfast and reopened in 1994. Tina and John Hough purchased the property in 1999 and are the current Innkeepers. John Hough attended the Roosevelt School as a student from first to fourth grade. Operating as a bed and breakfast The Roosevelt Inn has fifteen rooms and wheelchair access.</p><br>
<p>A renovation of the bell tower took place in 2000, turning it into a two-story suite which looks out on Lake Coeur d&#39;Alene. In 2008 the basement of the school was renovated into a banquet hall and meeting facility capable of seating up to 50 people.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the Roosevelt Inn was featured in the season 1 finale of the Fox television show Hotel Hell with Gordon Ramsay. The show renovations included the honeymoon suite, and reception and much of the decor.</p><br>
<p>The Pottawattamie County Jail in Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States was built in 1885 and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The building is a Squirrel Cage Jail, also known as a Rotary Jail.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the jail was simultaneous with that of the county’s new courthouse, which was finished in 1888. It was designed by William H. Brown and Benjamin F. Haugh of Indianapolis, Indiana. The building was one of 18 such jails that were built in the United States and the only one that was three stories tall. The front part of the jail had offices for the jailer, kitchen, trustee cells and quarters for women. The rest of the building is made up of pie-shaped cells that revolved inside of a cage. The building was designed for maximum security with minimal contact between the prisoners and the jailers. The building was used as a jail until 1969. In 1971 the Council Bluffs Park Board acquired the building and in 1977 the county historical society took ownership of the building and maintains it as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The Flanders Hotel is located in Ocean City, Cape May County, New Jersey, United States. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 20, 2009. The Flanders Hotel is named after Flanders Fields in Belgium.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was built in 1923 by the Ocean Front Hotel Corporation. The architect Vivian Smith designed the building in the Spanish Mission Revival style. The building was constructed using steel girders and concrete.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was originally managed by J. Howard Slocum until 1932 when Elwood F. Kirkman took over ownership of the hotel. James M. Dwyer purchased the building in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was converted into luxury condominiums for daily rentals operating as a "Condotel" in 1997. Mr. Dwyer suffered several financial setbacks, including tax liens and personal bankruptcy. As a result of the bankruptcy, Mr. Dwyer was removed from his involvement with the hotel. In December 2005 a new board of trustees were installed and Peter Voudouris was named President of the Board</p><br>
<p>of Trustees and also assumed the responsibilities as General Manager. He presently holds the title of Director of Hotel & Banquet Operations.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 the Flanders Hotel by a unanimous vote was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Presently the Flanders is a thriving destination for guests all year round. The accommodations range from Luxury Suites to Spectacular Penthouses. The Flanders is the only full service hotel in Ocean City that includes elegant ballrooms & meeting rooms, full service restaurant, Specialty & Clothing Shoppes, Salon & Spa, Fitness Center, Business Center and heated outdoor pool.</p><br>
<p>Trophy Mountain  is a mountain in east-central British Columbia, Canada, located in the south-east region of Wells Gray Provincial Park. The Clearwater River flows to the west, Raft River to the east and Spahats Creek to the south. Trophy Mountain is part of the Shuswap Highland. There are nine summits in the group and the highest is 2,577 m. Battle Mountain and Table Mountain are the closest summits to the north and Raft Mountain is immediately south.</p><br>
<p>Trophy Mountain is easily accessible by road and trail. It is a popular summer tourist attraction and is especially noted for colourful alpine meadows. Numerous hiking routes are possible beyond the end of the trail at Sheila Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Trophy Mountain Road turns east off Clearwater Valley Road (also called Wells Gray Park Road) 11.3 km north of the Yellowhead Highway. The gravel road is steep and rough, and usable by all vehicles except those with very low clearance. It is 13 km to the parking lot.</p><br>
<p>A well-used trail starts here and climbs 300 m through a band of trees to the alpine meadows. The leisurely hike of 3.1 km takes about 75 minutes to reach an abandoned shepherd&#39;s hut. During the last 30 minutes, there are views of the north face of Raft Mountain across Spahats Creek Valley to the south. This section of the meadows has colourful flower displays in late July and early August, as well as an earlier bloom of glacier lilies in late June. The trail continues past the hut for 30 minutes to the Sheila Lake Lookout. This viewpoint encompasses Sheila Lake to the north, Plateau of Lakes with numerous tarns to the northeast, and four of the nine Trophy summits beyond that. Raft Mountain and the spire of Dunn Peak are to the south.</p><br>
<p>A few primitive campsites and an outhouse are located near Sheila Lake for the benefit of backpackers. The trail ends at Sheila Lake and hikers who want to go further can walk across the meadows. The hiking season on Trophy Mountain is from late June through September.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The shepherd&#39;s hut was built by brothers John and Frank Ronacher in the 1950s when they herded sheep on the Trophy meadows. At that time, the access was via a rough trail up Third Canyon which the Ronachers widened with a bulldozer. Frank died in 1962 and later that year John sold the Trophy grazing lease and 100 ewes and rams to Emil and Ida DeKelver. They arrived in the Clearwater Valley in 1959 and settled on an 80-acre farm beside Candle Creek. At first, the DeKelvers raised dairy cattle then, after purchasing the Ronacher business, were busy with their sheep. Soon they had expanded the herd to 300 and were very successful with the lush Trophy grasslands. In 1969, mounting government pressure against grazing lease-holders persuaded the DeKelvers to switch to guiding and trail-riding on the Trophy Mountains. They built a new trail up Spahats Creek which was much shorter than the Third Canyon route, although strenuous compared to today’s stroll to the meadows. When logging started on the Trophy Mountains in 1979 and roads were built almost to treeline, the DeKelvers’ business was ruined and they retired to their Candle Creek farm. Ida spent many years collecting historic artifacts from the Clearwater Valley and developing the Yellowhead Museum which is now closed. Meanwhile, high on Trophy Mountain, the shepherd’s hut is being ravaged by the alpine weather and soon there will be no evidence of the days when these meadows were home to hundreds of sheep.</p><br>
<p>The south boundary of Wells Gray Park was originally established in 1939 through Grouse Creek Valley just north of Trophy Mountain. In 1997, the park was expanded to include the mountain above its treeline.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Most of the rock comprising Trophy Mountain is part of the ancient Shuswap Metamorphic Complex which arches across the British Columbia Interior in a wide band from Shuswap Lake to Adams Lake and into the Quesnel Highland. No age has been established, but it was intruded by the Raft Batholith about 100 million years ago. The glaciers of the Pleistocene and earlier ice ages have scoured Trophy Mountain creating numerous bowls now filled by lakes and the rugged north face which is 1,500 m high.</p><br>
<p>Much of the lava which accumulated in the Clearwater Valley near Spahats Creek was spewed out from fissures on the west side of Trophy Mountain between 500,000 and 300,000 years ago. Evidence of a more recent volcanic era is seen in the Buck Hill cinder cone at the 1,600 m level of Trophy Mountain and in what is possibly a water-filled volcanic crater at the headwaters of Third Canyon Creek.</p><br>
<p>Wells Gray Park&#39;s southernmost glacier is on the north side of Trophy Mountain and can be seen from the West Summit.</p><br>
<h2>Hikes and climbs</h2><br>
<p>Detailed descriptions of these hikes and starting points are in Exploring Wells Gray Park (6th edition) and Nature Wells Gray (2nd edition).</p><br>
<p>Long Hill - westernmost summit, elevation 2,343 m. About 2 hours one-way from Sheila Lake.</p><br>
<p>West Summit - elevation 2,532 m. About 2 hours one-way from Sheila Lake via Lake of the Rock. Garnet Peak, third highest in Wells Gray Park, and Mount Robson, highest in the Canadian Rockies, can be seen from here.</p><br>
<p>Trophy Skyline - This is a rewarding hike with panoramic views that connects West Summit and Long Hill. About 5 hours round trip from Sheila Lake.</p><br>
<p>Trophy Summit - This rigorous hike takes 12 hours round trip from the parking lot or 9 hours from Sheila Lake. The route is via West Summit then the narrow West Ridge with scrambling to the main summit. An alternate return route is via Cwem Cwem Lake and Silvertip Creek.</p><br>
<p>East Ridges - The driving access is via Spahats Creek Valley to the pass. The unsigned trail takes about 2 hours to the meadows. A longer hike goes to the East Summits and Wolverine Basin, and takes about 6 hours return.</p><br>
<p>The Belgian Friendship Building or Belgian Pavilion is the former exhibition building for Belgium from the 1939/1940 World&#39;s Fair in New York City. It now serves as Barco-Stevens Hall on the campus of Virginia Union University , in Richmond, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by Belgian architects Victor Bourgeois and Léon Stynen under Henry van de Velde, and is notable as an early example of Modernist architecture in the United States. Due to the outbreak of World War II, the Pavilion could not be returned to Belgium. The Belgian government sponsored a competition to determine the buildings new home. VUU won, and the Pavilion moved to Richmond in 1941 as VUUs Belgian Friendship Building. Through 1997, the universitys library was also located in the Belgian Friendship Building. The building was damaged by Hurricane Isabel in 2003. It is now VUUs gymnasium.</p><br>
<p>The Jesse Pickens Pugh Farmstead is a historic 289 acre homestead near Grove Hill in rural Clarke County, Alabama. The homestead contains seven contributing buildings, two contributing sites, and one contributing structure. These include a half-spraddle roof cottage that was built in 1865, agricultural outbuildings, agricultural fields, and burials. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 28, 1999, due to its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Jesse Pickens Pugh was born on April 17, 1829 in Clarke County, Alabama. He was the son of Isaac Pugh, born in 1785 in Georgia, and Hanna Baskin, born 1793 in South Carolina. Isaac and Hanna Pugh settled in what was to become Clarke County in 1810, prior to the establishment of the county within the Mississippi Territory and the ensuing Creek War. His paternal grandfather, Elijah Pugh of North Carolina and Georgia, followed in 1811 and settled on adjoining land. Elijah Pugh was a Revolutionary War veteran.</p><br>
<p>Jesse Pickens Pugh married Sophia Bettis, born 1839, on January 8, 1858 in Clarke County. Together they established their residence here and had ten children, with nine living into adulthood. Jesse Pickens Pugh died on March 12, 1929 and is buried in the Pugh family cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Bir Hima  is a rock art site in Najran province, in southwest Saudi Arabia, about 200 km north of the city of Najran. An ancient Palaeolithic and Neolithic site, the Bir Hima Complex covers the time period of 2500–1000 BC. Bir Hima contains numerous troughs whose type is similar from North Arabia to Yemen.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ancient history of human occupation of this habitat is credited to its resources of wild life, water and the lime stone terrain. Its rich heritage of rock petroglyphs caught the attention of Saudi Arabia’s Department of Antiquities only after 1976 when Jubba and other sites were investigated. One of the expedition members investigating this art form found a site west of the ancient wells of Bir Hima where he recorded 250 images.</p><br>
<h2>Findings</h2><br>
<p>Bir Hima, which is an ancient Palaeolithic and Neolithic site, lies north of Najran, categorized as a Lower Palaeolithic or Oldowan site. Apart from petroglyphs, carving tools used for this art work (in the form of chopper or pebble tools) were also found here, made of such materials as quartzite, andesite and flint. The images appear to have been inscribed with Bronze. The petroglyphs noted, when initially found in the 1950s, consisted of daggers and swords, bows with arrows tipped with transverse arrowheads, sickle swords and throw-sticks. These depictions were interpreted as symbolic of spiritual animism.</p><br>
<p>Bir Hima, as part of Najran, is a treasure trove of petroglyphs, eclipsed only by those found in the Jubba region. Here, 100 sites have been identified. In the Najran area, as many as 6,400 human and animal illustrations, which include more than 1,800 camels and 1,300 human depictions, have been recorded. While its engravings are probably much earlier than those of Hunters Palette, the Bir Hima warrior, armed with bow, is almost identical to the men on the Hunters Palette.</p><br>
<p>The Clayton County Courthouse, located in Elkader, Iowa, United States, was built in 1878. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the second building to house court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The county seat in Clayton County moved several times between 1840 and 1876. It was located first in Prairie La Porte, then Jacksonville, followed by Garnavillo, Elkader and Guttenberg. Eventually, Elkader won the right to be the county seat. The first courthouse for the county was in Garnavillo and was sold in 1866 to raise money for a new courthouse in Elkader. The board of supervisors was only willing to spend $2,000 a year to build the new structure. Because there was yet another contest in the works to consider the location of the county seat, the county and the town of Elkader came up with $10,000 to build the new courthouse. It is an Italianate style structure that was designed by O.F. Davis. The building was constructed of red brick, the clock tower was added at a later date. The Civil War Monument was erected on the grounds in 1919.</p><br>
<p>The Decatur County Courthouse, located in Leon, Iowa, United States, was built in 1908. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the sixth building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first courthouse in Decatur County was a log structure built in Leon in for $375. The county soon outgrew the building and it was replaced by a small structure that was declared unusable soon after it was built. The next courthouse was destroyed in a windstorm before it was finished, and a fire destroyed the fourth courthouse along with the county records. The fifth courthouse was a brick structure that was built for $20,000. In 1876, thieves attempted to open the Treasurer’s safe and when they set off explosives they blew up that side of the building, but were unable to crack the safe. The building was rebuilt and served as the county courthouse until the present building replaced it in 1908. Iron, stone, steel, tile, brick, marble and granite were all used in its construction.</p><br>
<p>The Delaware County Courthouse, located in Manchester, Iowa, United States, was built in 1894. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The current structure is the third building to house court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first courthouse in Delaware County was a log structure in Delhi. The two-story structure measured 18 x and had no roof. Jurors were required to climb a ladder to the jury room on the second floor. A second courthouse was built in 1850 and because no contractors available to build the facility, citizens performed the work using their own tools. The county seat moved to Manchester and occupied the current courthouse in 1894 which was completed for $38,000. Donations from 700 county citizens contributed funded the clock in the tower.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Bell & Kent of Council Bluffs designed the Romanesque Revival building, which is constructed of red pressed brick. The main body of the building measures 76 x. The tower and spire are 135 ft high, and the walls of the building are 18 in thick. The decorative metal ceilings on the first floor and the elaborate woodwork are original to the building.</p><br>
<p>The Fremont County Courthouse, located in Sidney, Iowa, United States, was built in 1889. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the second structure to house court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first county seat in Fremont County was Austin and court sessions were held in a storeroom. The county seat moved to Sydney in 1851 and commissioners erected a two-story brick building that featured a tower and a tin roof in 1860 for $40,000. The structure was heavily damaged in an explosion in 1863. While the county spent money to repair the building the roof and second floor were too badly damaged. The current courthouse is a two-story structure of brick with granite columns flanking the main entrance constructed in 1889. It features a central entry in a squat tower and several shed dormers along the roofline.</p><br>
<p>The Greene County Courthouse, located in Jefferson, Iowa, United States, was built in 1918. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the third structure to house court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first courthouse in Greene County was a frame building built in 1856 for $1,825. Prior to that time the county officers were housed in the Thomas Phillips Building. The second courthouse was completed in 1870 for $37,000. The building featured a bell in the cupola that served as a fire alarm, called the court into session and announced curfew. The present courthouse was dedicated in 1917 and was built at a cost of $200,000. A monument to President Abraham Lincoln was added in 1918 to commemorate the Lincoln Highway, which passes in front of the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Mahanay Tower was added to the southwest corner of courthouse grounds in 1966.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, the Lindsey Memorial, commemorating Greene County native Darrell R. Lindsey, posthumous World War II Medal of Honor recipient, was relocated from the Lindsey Air Station in Wiesbaden, Germany to the southeast corner of the courthouse grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Proudfoot, Bird & Rawson of Des Moines designed the three-story building in the Beaux Arts style which is constructed of Bedford Stone. The floor of the central rotunda features a 14 ft mosaic tile reproduction of the county seal. William Peaco painted the four murals that adorn the inner dome. They are entitled: The Buffalo Hunt, The Emigrants, The Pioneer and The Modern Farm.</p><br>
<h2>Mahanay Tower</h2><br>
<p>The bell tower was built at a cost of $350,000 funded by the estate of Mr. and Mrs. Floyd Mahanay and dedicated on October 16, 1966. The 165 ft tower is in the Brutalist style with a three concave sides and contains 14 bells cast by the Petit & Fritsen Bell Foundry in Aarle-Rixtel the Netherlands. The bells chime on the quarter-hour and can be operated by an electric keyboard. The tower has a 120 ft observation deck accessed via a glass elevator.</p><br>
<p>The Grundy County Courthouse, located in Grundy Center, Iowa, United States, was built in 1891. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the second structure to house court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first courthouse in Grundy County was built in 1857, the year after the county was organized. Known as the Old Cheese Box, it was the only octagonal courthouse in the state. This facility served as the county courthouse for 40 years until the current courthouse replaced it in 1891. The Romanesque Revival structure was designed by Kramer & Zoll and constructed at a cost of $45,532.48.</p><br>
<p>The Hancock County Courthouse, located at 855 State Street in Garner, Iowa, United States, was built in 1890. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the second structureto house court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Truman Seymor from New York donated the land for the first county seat in Hancock County. The place was named Concord and officials constructed two small buildings on the site in 1865 for $2,000. Within two years the buildings became too small and county supervisors erected a new courthouse for $10,000 in 1868. The city of Garner annexed Concord in the 1890s while residents of Britt attempted to have the county seat relocated. Garner, however, retained the designation after a group of businessmen purchased a new site, built a courthouse and donated it to the county. Citizens on the east side of the county contributed $25,000 towards the new building designed by F.W. Kinney. Gross Construction completed the structure in 1899.</p><br>
<p>The Hardin County Courthouse, located in Eldora, Iowa, United States, was built in 1892. The courthouse is the third building to house court functions and county administration. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first courthouse in Hardin County was a two-story frame structure built in 1856. It was destroyed in a fire the same year and a new courthouse replaced it the following year. The current courthouse opened in 1892 at a cost of $48,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1921, the roof and tower were damaged by a fire which spread from the adjacent Wisner Opera House. In 1967, the state fire marshall declared the structure unsafe. The following year, voters approved a bond sale to fund repairs. Work included replacing electrical, mechanical systems and windows; filling-in the central rotunda; replacing wood beams and floors with concrete and steel and installing an elevator. County workers vacated the building in July 1969 and returned to the renewed facility in October 1970. The final cost ran to $422,000, supplemented by private donations for landscaping.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>T. D. Allen, architect of the courthouses in Dickinson and Franklin counties, designed Hardin&#39;s courthouse in the Romanesque Revival style with elements of other styles. Statues of Justice, Mercy and Liberty occupy the alcove beneath the bell tower. The semi-circular transoms on the middle east and west windows feature the seal of the State of Iowa in frosted glass.</p><br>
<p>Woodlands, also known as the Frederick Blount Plantation, is a historic plantation house in Gosport, Alabama. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 28, 1980, due to its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The house was built by Frederick Spaight Blount in 1840. Blount was born on November 13, 1808 in North Carolina. He and his half-brother, James W. Bryan, entered into a partnership in 1841, by which Bryan furnished slaves for Woodlands. Blount was noted to be a lawyer in Gosport in 1845. The partnership with his half-brother had soured by 1848, with Bryan attempting to sell the slaves to Alfred Hatch of Greensboro. By the time of the 1850 United States Census he and his wife, Emily James, were living at the plantation with three children and eighteen slaves. The family relocated to Mobile a few years later, where Blount resumed his law practice.</p><br>
<p>A great scandal, known nationwide at the time, arose in 1858 when Frederick S. Blount accused Henri Arnous de Rivière, a French Army officer, of abducting his daughter, Miss Emily J. Blount, and wife, Mrs. Emily James Blount, and attempting to flee with them to Havana. Blount had allowed the engagement of his daughter to Rivière, but after discovering a supposed previous marriage broke the engagement and forbade Henri Rivière contact with her. Rivière was apprehended on July 4, 1858 at the Hotel Napoleon in Hoboken, New Jersey, but he and Blount&#39;s daughter escaped prior to the trial.</p><br>
<p>The affair was published in newspapers throughout the South, and in the New York Times. The Blount family was later reunited and were again living in Mobile in 1860. However, Rivière and Miss Blount did eventually marry and have children, living in France. Frederick Blount himself was living in Paris by 1872.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Woodlands is a wood-frame example of what is known regionally as a Carolina cottage, a form that is very similar in outward appearance to that of a Creole cottage. This form is always one-and-a-half stories with side-gables, with the main roof covering any porches.</p><br>
<p>The house also features fine Greek Revival detailing, including eight fluted Doric columns supporting the front porch. The front entrance door, centered in the five bay facade, is surrounded by sidelights and surmounted by a transom light, with these flanked by pilasters and crowned with a simple entablature.</p><br>
<p>The Medical Arts Building is an office high-rise located at 603 Main Street in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Completed in 1930, the 10-story structure originally provided office space for physicians and dentists, and at the time was considered the "best equipped" medical building in the South. The building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as one of the region&#39;s best examples of a Gothic Revival-style office building. It has recently been renovated into mixed-use, principally residential use.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lot on which the Medical Arts Building stands was originally located just outside Charles McClung&#39;s 1791 plat of Knoxville, though the lot had been incorporated into the city by 1800. By the late 19th century, the elaborate Victorian residence of pharmaceutical magnate A. J. Albers stood on the lot. The home of artist Charles Krutch once stood in the parking lot adjacent to the building.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1900s, numerous physicians were operating out of buildings in the area between South Market Street and Henley Street, such as those located in what is now the South Market Historic District. Following World War I, the James Park House (at the corner of Walnut and Cumberland) was converted into a clinic, in part because of the large number of doctors&#39; offices in its vicinity. In the late 1920s, prominent physician Herbert Acuff (1886&ndash;1951), seeing a necessity for a more modern medical office building, recruited several investors, and purchased the lot at the corner of Main and Locust. Construction on the Medical Arts Building, designed by the Lexington, Kentucky-based firm Manley and Young, began in 1929 and was completed in 1930.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, Acuffs investment company went bankrupt, and the Medical Arts Building was sold to the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. In subsequent years, the buildings first floor tenants have included a bank, a drug store and restaurant. In 1981, Knoxville-area developer Kristopher Kendrick purchased the building, and in turn sold it in 1983 to the Medical Arts Building Association, which renovated the building for modern office space.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Medical Arts Building is located at the northwest corner of Main and Locust, with an attached three-story garage extending the length of Locust all the way to Cumberland Avenue. A parking lot separates it from Henley Street to the west, and the Knoxville Post Office lies across Locust to the east.</p><br>
<p>The east (Locust) and south (Main) facades of the building are decorated with terra cotta elements and dark green spandrel panels. A terra cotta cornice surrounds the top of the building. The entrances along Main and Locust are decorated with terra cotta buttresses, pointed arches, and brass double-doors flanked by transoms with Gothic tracery elements. The garage is accessed via a Tudor arch entrance along Locust Street. The first floor interior contains a marble floor and walls, and upper level hallways contain marble wainscoting.</p><br>
<p>The Alford-Nielson Home, is the only example of Second Empire French Victorian Architecture in Ferndale, Humboldt County, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1874, James E. Brown built what is now the back part of this house at a different location, 421 Main Street, in the current Main Street historical district.</p><br>
<p>William B. Alford (1851-1921) a local pharmacist after whom the house is named, arrived in Humboldt County at age 21 in 1872 and moved to Ferndale in 1875 where he jointly owned a drugstore with his brother Frank A. Alford, M.D. immediately adjoining the former location of this house in the Main Street district.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Alford married Mary Richmond in San Jose, California in 1877; the Second Empire French Style front building was added in the same year.</p><br>
<p>In June 1893, the property was purchased by furniture dealer H.J. Mueller (1864-1900) who moved the house with the Alford family in residence to 1299 Main Street. Six months later, the Alfords moved out and the Mueller family moved in. The Muellers put an addition to the house in February 1896. The house and furnishings were purchased by Ed Mowry in August, 1903 and the Muellers moved to Livermore, California.</p><br>
<p>The next owner, Maurice Nielson, lived there fifty-five years to 1977. He was one of the developers of modern creamery operations in Humboldt County. Neilson was followed by a couple who started and finished a seven-year restoration then sold the house to Tom and Maura Eastman who filed for the home to be added to the National Register of Historic Places. It was accepted at 112 years of age on 23 January 1986.</p><br>
<p>The home sustained significant damage and fell off its footing in the 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes, but was restored.</p><br>
<p>The Andreasen-Rossen House includes a two hundred acre historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed by architect builder William S. Fitzell, the Andreasen-Rossen House was completed for Frands Wilhelm Andreasen in 1901. While called his "Skim Milk House" for Andreasen&#39;s thrifty habit of getting skim milk from other dairies to feed to his hogs, he also ran a successful creamery and dairy of his own. In 1901, he and his family moved to Berkeley, California after he was appointed to the California State Dairy Bureau.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, Andreasen sold the house to the Rossen family who lived there until 1988. New owners repaired and refinished original woodwork and rewired all the original fixtures; for a time opening it for tours to the public. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 25 September 1989. Since 1991, it has again been a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The A. Berding Home an historic Carpenter Gothic Victorian style house built by pioneer merchant Arnold Berding in 1875 at 455 Ocean Avenue in Ferndale, Humboldt County, California is also called "The Gum Drop Tree House" from the neatly trimmed row of cypresses in front.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Born in Germany in 1826, Berding arrived in Humboldt County by a circuitous route that included Rio de Janeiro, San Francisco, and the California Gold Rush mining camps. In 1857 he arrived in Humboldt County and set up a store, hotel, livery and post office at the now-abandoned village of Centerville, California where Abraham Lincoln appointed him Centervilles first and only postmaster. In January 1860, shortly after the victims from the wreck of the were buried in a mass grave marked by the Centerville Beach Cross, wreck salvage was sold at auction at Berdings Centerville store. After selling the Centerville businesses, Berding spent a short time in Oregon, returning to Ferndale in 1866 and opening the first merchandise store in town.</p><br>
<p>Local justice of the peace Seth Shaw, married Berding and Mary Blum (b. 1832), a widow with three small children, June 7, 1867. The small residence they built in 1868 was moved around the corner and replaced with the current house where the Berdings had four more children together. In 1888 after much illness, the Berdings had a high brick foundation laid to raise the house. The 1900 Census shows that Arnold, Mary and two of their children were living in the Berding house, although they traveled frequently. The newspaper reports regular trips to San Francisco and in 1904, that Mary Berding and daughter Christina traveled across the United States to attend the St. Louis Exposition, and visit relatives from Illinois to Idaho. In 1909 the Ferndale Enterprise noted that the home of "Pioneer Berding" had recently been improved and renovated.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 4 January 1983. Much of the furniture was purchased by Arnold and Mary Berding and the parlor was last wallpapered and painted in 1889 for a wedding.</p><br>
<p>Portingbury Hills or Portingbury Rings is a hill in Hatfield Forest, Little Hallingbury, Hatfield Broad Oak, Essex, suggested to date to the Iron Age or Bronze Age. It consists of a 3 features, a hill and mound connected by a zig-zag causeway formed by 2 almost parallel ditches to another rectangular enclosure measuring 30 x surrounded by a large ditch with a suggested bank up to 11 m wide. It is located in the northwest of Hatfield Forest in Beggarshall coppice. It has been considered to be an ancient defensive enclosure, but is too small to be a hill fort and is not in a defensible position.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological excavations were carried out in 1964–1965 with recovered evidence including a small flint blade 4 cm long, animal bones, flints, and charcoal with very slight dating evidence suggesting Iron Age construction. The archaeologists suggested that the initial, ‘V’ shaped, ditch surrounding the mound would have been approximately 2 metres in depth suggesting it once had earth ramparts supported by timber. Smaller banks have been noted to cross Shermore Brook to Spittlemore coppice.</p><br>
<p>In 1975 retired geologist and researcher Christian OBrien suggested that Portingbury Hills had a purpose in archaeoastronomy and was constructed in the Bronze Age which gave it some brief coverage in the Sunday Telegraph. OBrien suggested that the mound was aligned astronomically with Wandlebury Hill via a series of equally spaced, hand-carved, stone monoliths forming a Loxodrome. Eleven of the original twenty-six markers are still in situ, such as the Leper Stone, with several of the other distinctive stones lying nearby. OBriens theory met with mixed reviews from astronomers and archaeologists. Glyn Daniel, Professor of Archaeology at Cambridge University dismissed the paper as "nonsense" and Alexander Thom could find nothing in it to revise the documented view of Wandlebury as an Iron Age Fort. Archie Roy, Professor of Astronomy at Glasgow University commented that "in the absence of a more convincing explanation, this conclusion also has to be taken very seriously.”</p><br>
<p>DeLeon Plaza and Bandstand is 1.77 acres originally platted as the center of the city of Victoria, county of Victoria, in the USA state of Texas. The bandstand stood nearby the plaza until it was moved to the center of the plaza in 1923. The William P. Rogers chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy contracted with sculptor Pompeo Coppini for the DeLeon Plaza&#39;s 1912 monument to the Confederacy The Last Stand .</p><br>
<p>On March 24, 1987, DeLeon Plaza and Bandstand was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Victoria County, Texas. In 1965, the bandstand was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, Marker number 289. In 1998, the plaza was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, Marker number 12273.</p><br>
<h2>Plaza</h2><br>
<p>When Victoria, Texas was founded by empresario Martín De León and his wife Patricia de la Garza De León, they named it after Guadalupe Victoria, who had just become the first president of Mexico. The town was platted by surveyor José María Jesús Carbajal around a Market Square designed in 1839 by Edward Linn and known today as DeLeon Plaza. The bandstand at the center of the plaza was built prior to 1885.</p><br>
<p>Sculptor Pompeo Coppini was paid $5,000, raised by the William P. Rogers chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, to create the plaza&#39;s monument The Last Stand (aka Firing Line) in 1912. The unveiling was held on July 12 of that year. The celebratory event was the scene of a parade and a barbecue that was free to everyone. The ceremony included various dignitaries, two Union Army veterans, and twelve Confederate States Army veterans.</p><br>
<p>In 1923, the "Memorial White Way" lighting was turned on at DeLeon Plaza. That same year the bandstand was moved from a nearby location and placed over the site of the town&#39;s old water source.</p><br>
<p>The landscaping was re-done in 1940 as a project of the Works Progress Administration under the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose public works and welfare projects helped many people throughout the South. Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Pickering completed a restoration of the bandstand in 1962. That same year, a Six Flags monument was placed on the plaza at the corner of Main and Constitution streets. The plaza today has twenty-three benches and forty-seven trees of live oak, elm, pecan, ash, magnolia, and redwood.</p><br>
<p>On December 31, 1986, a time capsule was placed in DeLeon Plaza, to be opened at the 2036 Texas Bicentennial.</p><br>
<p>The Harrison County Courthouse, located in Logan, Iowa, United States, was built in 1911. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the fifth building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first county seat in Harrison County was Magnolia. A log cabin served as the first courthouse. It was destroyed in a fire along with the county records. A second courthouse was built in 1854. The county raised the funds for its construction by selling town lots. The building was condemned as unsafe in 1873, and the county’s third courthouse was built the same year. It served the county for three years until Logan was named the county seat.</p><br>
<p>The first courthouse in Logan was built in 1876 for $14,000. An appropriation of $5,000 came from the county and $9,000 was donated from the people of Logan. Yeisley & Stowell were the contractors that built the building. The two-story brick structure measure 55 by 70 feet. Offices for the county Auditor, Treasurer, Clerk, Recorder, Sheriff and School Superintendent were on the first floor. The second floor contained the court room and jury rooms.</p><br>
<p>Plans for the present courthouse were begun in 1905. The cornerstone was laid on October 5, 1910 and it was dedicated on November 3, 1911. It was built at a cost of $103,205.15.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Classical Revival building was designed by Joseph E. Mills. The three-story building measures 68 by 96 feet. The top of the dome is 77 feet (23.5 m) above the street. It is constructed in steel and concrete block and faced in Bedford stone. Four murals were placed in the main stairway during a redecorating program in 1920. They are the work of Frank Enders of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They were all done on canvas that was attached to the wall. The murals portray: the old courthouse in Magnolia, the first courthouse in Logan, a horn of plenty theme and Lady Justice.</p><br>
<p>The Old Harrison County Courthouse, located in Magnolia, Iowa, United States, was built in 1873. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the third building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Magnolia was chosen as Harrison County&#39;s first county seat. A log cabin served as the first courthouse. It was destroyed in a fire along with the county records. A second courthouse was built in 1854. The county raised the funds for its construction by selling town lots. The building was condemned as unsafe in 1873, and the county’s third courthouse was built the same year. It is a two story frame building that served the county for three years until Logan was named the county seat in 1876.</p><br>
<p>The Ida County Courthouse, located in Ida Grove, Iowa, United States, was built in 1883. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the second building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Ida County courthouse was the first building built in Ida Grove. It was destroyed in a fire along with the county records in 1877. Construction on the present courthouse was begun in 1880 and completed in 1883. It was built in the Italianate style and features a 110 ft tower. The building is built of brick and is two and one half stories tall. It was originally built by David Wood Townsend. It was remodeled twice in the 1930s to increase the office space. An administration annex was added in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Monona County Courthouse, located in Onawa, Iowa, United States, was built in 1892. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the second building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first county seat for Monona County was Ashton. Onawa became the county seat in 1855 and the county offices were located in Mechanics’ Hall. The citizens of the town raised $12,500 for a courthouse in order to retain the county seat. After Onawa won a challenge against East Mapleton a $7,000 courthouse was completed in 1858. The present courthouse was built in 1892 in the Romanesque Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Ras El Kelb is a truncated seaside cave and Paleolithic settlement located on the low-lying  coast of Lebanon, 8 km north of Beirut. It is one of the oldest habitations found in the country.</p><br>
<p>Rescue excavations were carried out in 1959 by Dorothy Garrod and G. Henri-Martin. They dug 2 trenches named the Rail and Tunnel trenches, from which they recovered over 30,000 flint artefacts of a wide variety for statistical analysis from 22 geological layers. It was concluded that the sea had passed the level of the cave 3 times since its first dated habitation around 50,000 years BCE (52,000 years BP).</p><br>
<p>They also discovered a tooth suggested to belong to a Neanderthal. It was suggested that the inhabitants were expert at hunting gazelle using the flints recovered.</p><br>
<p>Rangaunu Harbour is a shallow harbour in the far north of New Zealand. It is situated on the east coast at the base of the Aupouri Peninsula. The name in Māori means "To pull out a shoal of fish". With an area of 115 km&sup2; it is the fifth-largest harbour in New Zealand.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The harbour entrance is a 2 km wide channel to Rangaunu Bay to the north. The eastern side of the harbour is a 4 km wide tombolo separating it from Doubtless Bay and connecting the hillier Karikari Peninsula to the mainland.</p><br>
<p>The small settlement of Rangiputa sits on the eastern side of the harbour entrance, and Kaimaumau is located on the western shore about 5 km southwest of the entrance. Unahi, at the mouth of the Awanui River, has a wharf and a fish processing plant which is now closed.</p><br>
<p>An extensive wetland, the Waihuahua swamp lies to the west of the harbour, north of Kaimaumau.</p><br>
<p>The harbour has extensive areas of mangroves, tidal sand flats and areas of eelgrass, plus several small islands, with deeper channels between.</p><br>
<p>A number of rivers flow into the harbour. Clockwise from the entrance, these are:</p><br>
<p>Te Putaaraukai River</p><br>
<p>Mangatete River</p><br>
<p>Pairatahi River</p><br>
<p>Awanui River</p><br>
<p>Waimanoni Creek</p><br>
<p>Waipapakauri Creek</p><br>
<p>Waiparera Stream</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Rangaunu harbour contains about 15% of the mangrove habitat in New Zealand. It is a habitat of international significance for migratory wading birds, with 10,000 birds of approximately 70 species using the harbour in the autumn. Birds observed to nest in the area include NZ dotterels, variable oystercatchers, black-backed gulls, red-billed gulls, white-fronted terns, Caspian terns, black shags, little shags, pied shags, pied stilts, white-faced herons, ducks and swans.</p><br>
<p>Dolphins, killer whales, and occasionally humpback whales visit the harbor. Other cetacean species such as Bryde&#39;s whales, sperm whales, pilot whales, and false killer whales are known to come into Rangaunu Bay and around Karikari Peninsula, but very few whales actually appear into Rangaunu Harbour. The harbor environment is an ideal habitat for southern right whales, and Rangaunu harbor might once have been a resting/calving ground for these coast-hugging whales.</p><br>
<p>Rangaunu harbor hosts a population of green sea turtles that are seasonal migrants into the harbor water regularly. Whale sharks have been seen in the harbor with slow but increasing regularities.</p><br>
<p>The College Club House and Gymnasium is an educational building located at 1416 College Avenue on the campus of Michigan Technological University in Houghton, Michigan. It is also known as R.O.T.C. Building. The building is the oldest existing building on Michigan Tech&#39;s campus, and it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Recognizing a need for a social and athletic facility on campus, in 1902 the faculty of the Michigan College of Mines (now Michigan Technological University) pledged $1700 toward the construction of such a building. although anticipation was so great that the students held a dance in the facility before it was finished. The 1904-1905 Michigan College of Mines Yearbook described the function of the planned building as:</p><br>
<p>After completion, the building was used as a gymnasium, and for dances and graduation ceremonies. A clubhouse in the building was a predecessor to the student union. In 1949, the building was converted into the R.O.T.C. center for the Army and Air Force.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The College Club House and Gymnasium is a -story structure built of red sandstone, brick, and concrete. The front entrance and corners of the building are wood; vertical and horizontal architectural elements above the second floor are also wood, presented in the Stick style of architecture. The roof is steeply sloped, and the projecting eaves are supported with large brackets. Two gable-fronted ells project from the facade, with a lower gabled center section between.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, one side of the building was taken up by the gymnasium. The suspended running track still survives. The other end of the building consisted of the clubhouse, with a fireplace giving the room a club-like atmosphere.</p><br>
<p>Ocean Parkway Jewish Center is a historic synagogue at 550 Ocean Pkwy. in Kensington, Brooklyn, New York, New York. It was built between 1924 and 1926 and is a three story plus basement and attic, stone clad Neoclassical style building. It has a two story addition. The front facade features three round-arched entrances and the second and third stories are organized as a temple front.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Chairman and Director: Allen Michaels</p><br>
<p>The synagogue was established following the 1924 merger of its predecessors, Congregation of Kensington, founded 1907, and the West Flatbush Jewish Center. The two synagogues, located about two blocks apart form each other (Ditmas and Dahill Roads, and East 2nd Street near Ditmas, respectively) had outgrown their spaces, and purchased seven lots on Ocean Parkway immediately within one month of joining forces. The building was completed in 1926, at a total cost of around $450,000. At the time, it was named, The Ocean Parkway Jewish Center of the First Congregation of Kensington Tiphereth Israel.</p><br>
<p>The Center was previously affiliated with Conservative Judaism but is presently Orthodox.</p><br>
<p>Oldberry Castle  is an Iron Age hill fort north west of Dulverton, Somerset, England. It lies approximately 0.5 mi north-west from Dulverton, close to the Devon border. It has been designated as a Scheduled Ancient Monument.</p><br>
<p>The site overlooks the town and the ancient crossing point of the River Barle.</p><br>
<p>It is an irregular oval shape measuring 720 ft by 300 ft. It is defended by a bank measuring 10 ft wide and 6 ft high, and a 18 ft wide ditch.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<p>The Minyon Falls is a plunge waterfall on the Repentance Creek in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. The waterfall descends more than 100 m over the huge rhyolite cliffs which were once part of the Tweed Volcano. The water flow eroded the underlying basalt away to create the waterfall.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The waterfall is a popular visitor attraction and is located within easy reach of the nearby town of Byron Bay in the Nightcap National Park, which was added to the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia World Heritage Site in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The National Parks and Wildlife Service manages the area as part of the Nightcap National Park, and provides facilities for visitors, including a 50m boardwalk to the lookout which is wheelchair accessible, several picnic tables and barbecue facilities at the top of the falls. The National Parks and Wildlife Service do not permit camping in the Minyon Falls area, but a camping ground is provided 2 km west of the falls at Rummery Park. Visitors are able to explore the bottom of the falls and the sub-tropical rainforest along designated walking trails, all of which involve steep hills, with some scrambling over wet rocks at the base of the falls. One trail follows a route 4.5 km from the top of the falls, across the ridge, near Quandong Falls, down into the valley to the bottom of the Minyon falls, it continues 2.5 km to Minyon Grass, then joins the road for 1.2 km back to the falls car park to form a loop. A shorter, 2.5 km track runs from Minyon Grass to the bottom of the falls. Another walking trail in the area is the Boggy Creek Walk from the Rummery Park Campground to the top of the Falls (45 minutes each way).</p><br>
<h3>Flora and fauna</h3><br>
<p>The top of the falls is surrounded by wet sclerophyll forest with some very tall blackbutt, tallowwood and flooded gum trees. Visitors to the falls regularly observe wildlife such as lace monitor (goanna), kookaburra, satin bowerbird, noisy pitta, eastern yellow robin, pale yellow robin, scrub wren, peregrine falcon, bobuck possum, northern and long-nosed bandicoot, tawny frogmouth, stony creek frog, red-eyed green tree frog, eastern whipbird, wonga pigeon, white-headed pigeon, yellow tailed black cockatoo, little shrike-thrush, tree-creeper, carpet python, and green tree snake. There are also occasional alberts lyrebird, koala and pademelon sightings. In wet weather conditions, visitors may be encounter leeches.</p><br>
<p>The Minyon valley is a sub-tropical rainforest, vegetation includes: Bangalow palm, brushbox, strangler fig, stream lily, walking stick palm, rusty rose walnut, blue quandong, broad leaved palm lily, tree fern, red lilly pilly, white bark, birds nest fern, stag horn fern, brushbox orchid and native wisteria vine.</p><br>
<h3>Access</h3><br>
<p>Minyon Falls&#39; proximity to towns such as Byron Bay, Ballina and Lismore make it a popular attraction, and the falls can be reached by car in approximately 45 minutes (1 hour from Ballina or Lismore). The falls can also be visited from the Gold Coast, which is a 2-hour journey via the Pacific Highway. The road to the falls is an unsealed road and can be difficult at times to drive.</p><br>
<p>Various local tour companies offer trips to the Minyon Falls.</p><br>
<h3>Water Flow</h3><br>
<p>Repentance Creek (used to be called Boggy Creek) is the water that feeds the falls. Most of the time there is water on the waterfall, but the amount of water can vary. During drier times, the waterfall dries up and the plunge pool at the bottom becomes un-swimmable.</p><br>
<p>Temple Beth El of Borough Park, now known as Young Israel Beth El of Borough Park, is a historic synagogue at 4802 15th Avenue in Borough Park, Brooklyn, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Founded as Congregation Beth El of Borough Park in August, 1902, it erected a brick building in 1906, at 12th Avenue and 41st Street. A three story building that currently houses the organization was built between 1920 and 1923. It has Moorish and Egyptian design influences. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Both buildings are still in use as synagogues. The older building is the oldest synagogue building in Borough Park, and has been used by several different congregations. In 2017, trustees of the current owner of the 12th Avenue structure, Congregation Anshe Lubavitch, sold the building to developers, sparking controversy and a civil court case with some of the other members.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, the Young Israel of Borough Park merged with Congregation Beth El. The combined organization still uses the 1920s building.</p><br>
<h2>Leaders</h2><br>
<p>Beth El historically has a distinguished list of officials, including:</p><br>
<p>Rabbi Simon Glazer, rabbi in the mid-1920s</p><br>
<p>Mordechai Hershman, cantor throughout the 1920s</p><br>
<p>Rabbi Israel Schorr, rabbi from 1938 to 2000</p><br>
<p>Berele Chagy, cantor 1940s and early 1950s</p><br>
<p>Moshe Koussevitzky, cantor from 1952 to 1966</p><br>
<p>Paul Zim (Zimelman), cantor from 1966 to 1968</p><br>
<p>Moshe Stern, cantor from 1968 to 1977</p><br>
<p>Benzion Miller, cantor from 1981 to the present</p><br>
<p>The Albemarle–Kenmore Terraces Historic District is a small historic district located in the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. It consists of two short cul-de-sacs, Albemerle Terrace and Kenmore Terrace, off of East 21st Street, and the 32 houses on the two streets.</p><br>
<p>All the houses were designed by the local firm of Slee & Bryson, but differ in style between the two streets. The houses on Albermarle Terrace, built between 1916 and 1917, are Colonial Revival On Kenmore Terrace, three of the houses are also in the Colonial Revival style, one of which was built in 1918 and other two in 1919-20, and were designed in the English Arts and Crafts style. These Kenmore cottages were built in 1918-19, and presage the automobile-based look of many suburbs built in the decades to come, as each house has a driveway leading to a private garage.</p><br>
<p>Also located on Kenmore, but not part of the historic district, is the parsonage of the Flatbush Reformed Dutch Church, a two and one-half-story wood-frame house designed in a vernacular style transitional between the Greek Revival and Italianate styles, which was built in 1853 and moved to its present location in 1918.</p><br>
<p>The historic district was designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1978, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Carroll Gardens Historic District is a small municipal and national historic district located in the Carroll Gardens neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. The national district consists of 134 contributing residential rowhouses built between the 1860s and 1880s. They are two- and three-story brownstone buildings in the neo-Grec and late Italianate styles located in a rectangle bounded by Carroll, President, Smith, and Hoyt Streets. These were the result of surveyor Richard Butt, who in 1846 planned gardens in front of the brownstone houses in the oldest section of the neighborhood. The homes are set farther back from the street than is common in Brooklyn, and the large gardens became an iconic depiction of the neighborhood. All the houses in the district, which is afforded a degree of privacy by the street pattern that discourages through traffic on Carroll and President Streets, were built between 1869 and 1884.</p><br>
<p>The district was designated a New York City landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1973, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The James Sansom Carpenter House was significant to Des Moines cultural history from 1906 to 1939. The 13 acre property named Oakwood estate by its owners J. S. Carpenter and his Spouse Florence L. Carpenter because of the old growth oak forestation. The Carpenters collection was deemed by art critics as one of the finest collections of etchings and lithographs in America. The house held the Carpenter collection of 125 paintings and 350 etchings. The Association transformed into the Edmundson Art Museum in 1940 under the auspices of Association Executive member, and Carpenters close friend Jay N.  Darling. Darling as President of the Edmundson Art Foundation merged the original collection into the present day Des Moines Art Center.</p><br>
<h2>The mansion</h2><br>
<p>Carpenter house, built 1890, extensively renovated in the 1920s, is a colonial revival with two and one half stories. It has six bedrooms with a formal front staircase on the west made of quarter-sawn oak and rectilinear panels with square stair spokes. The library has oak built in bookcases, wall panels and dentil cove molding all of quarter-sawn oak. The living room is 17 feet by 33 feet with an oak colonial revival fireplace on the north. The fireplace has matte green Grueby like three inch square tiles. The ceiling of the great room or living room is molded plaster tiles identical to the ceiling of the historic Hoyt Sherman House. Florence Carpenter, a member of the Des Moines Womens club, was on the Hoyt-Sherman building committee in 1923 when the club auditorium was first dedicated. The formal dining room also has wood wall panels and cove molding all of African Teak wood. A servants call button was present in the middle of the dining room but has since been covered by a brass plate. There is a servants staircase on the east. After a fire nearly claimed the Carpenters collection in the 1920s, a fireproof art room was constructed on the North. The room is separated from the house by about three feet of concrete and a double bank vault door. The 17 by 13 foot art room with 11 foot ceilings has 10 inch concrete floors and ceiling. Two windows on the North had bars that were removed at an unknown date, after the carpenter occupation. On humid days, with a strong Northeast wind, the smell of charred wood is present in the second story. The estate was 13 acres during the Carpenter period. The original address of Summit street was changed to 1525 East 33rd street and again changed by development to 3320 Kinsey Avenue. The property was placed on the National Historic Register in 1998 and declared a local Des Moines Landmark by the Des Moines City Council ordinance 2001.</p><br>
<h2>The grounds and outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>The grounds originally consisted of 13 acres. A servants house is located to the north, still standing and under private ownership. The servants quarters were sold off the estate in the 1960s. The land to the east was also sold in the 1960s to development and is now commonly known as Eastwood Drive and East 34th st, Des Moines Iowa. In 1973 the Hawkeye Development Company purchased Oakwood Estate&#39;s remaining five acres and subdivided the land into 11 lots. Houses and duplexes were built around the mansion. One lot to the west, commonly known as 1515 East 33rd street, Des Moines Iowa, was left undeveloped for 23 years and acquired for the estate. A low-income-housing duplex to the west commonly known as 1525 East 33rd St was demolished in 2011, with the lot added to the estate in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>The Carpenters and artist Henry Ossawa Tanner</h2><br>
<p>Henry Ossawa Tanner, one of Americas first successful African American Artists, was a close friend of J. S. Carpenter. How they met is unknown, but it probably was on a buying trip to New York or while Carpenter studied art in France, based on anecdotal evidence. The friendship started as a business relationship. Carpenter wanted a Tanner canvas for the Association of Fine Arts. Carpenter was enthralled with Tanners works in general. Carpenter wanted to place as many Tanners works in Des Moines as possible. Part was his love of the style and part the appeal to the consumer. Carpenter brokered paintings for Tanner at a 25% commission. Carpenter often begged Tanner to send more paintings to Des Moines for placement. The best example of their true friendship came in 19** when Carpenter was shopping for art in New Youk City. Carpenter came upon a large Tanner canvas at a gallery. The price was not what Tanner would usually receive. Carpenter believed the canvas was acquired by nefarious means. Carpenter contacted Tanner, who was then living in France, to ask if the canvas was stolen. Carpenter discovered that Tanner stored six pictures with an art warehouse. The business closed and the owner took the pictures to another storage area. The owner died with his widow auctioning the paintings off and keeping the money for herself. Carpenter took it upon himself to seek out the auctioned Tanner canvases and recover as many as possible. Carpenter expended his own funds for the entire recovery process at a cost of $?. The ordeal started in 19** and by 19** the cost of recovery totaled. Tanner paid him back from the proceeds of the sales 19**. The letters that followed this misadventure revealed a trusting friendship. Tanner assisted Carpenter in acquiring the Hand of Rodan for $1,000.00 along with provenance for the Fine Arts Association. A bronze that is still in the Des Moines Art Center collection. Tanner also bid at auctions for Carpenters friends and for Carpenter. Carpenter gave Tanner free rein to bid on, "a large work, from a big artist at a small price." In Tanners final year of life he confided in Carpenter that many canvases were in the studio but he had not the strength to complete the work. Tanner referenced a new Tempera mix for which he was very excited. In Carpenters final letter to Tanner, 1936, Carpenter noted two weeks in Chicago for medical treatment and the stagnant art market. Carpenter and Tanner demonstrated a true and trusted friendship to their final days of life.</p><br>
<p>Of note is eye witness accounts of cross burnings in the 1920s just three blocks south of Carpenters Oakwood Estate. The Ku Klux Klan would ride their steel shod horses East down the brick paved East University Street and then turn North toward Carpenters house to a horse pasture on the highest hill near todays East 34th street and Dubuque Avenue, Des Moines Iowa. There, the white cloaked KKK members would burn their cross. There is no information indicating this as a warning to Carpenter for selling a "Negros" paintings. Nothing in the news or Carpenter&#39;s correspondence indicate he was distracted from selling Tanner paintings. To the contrary, Carpenter was an aggressive promoter of Tanner works.</p><br>
<h2>The Carpenters and artist Leon Kroll</h2><br>
<p>Artist Leon Kroll and his wife visited Des Moines and stayed with the Carpenter&#39;s at Oakwood. Extensive correspondence exists between J. S. Carpenter and Leon Kroll at the Archives of American Art.</p><br>
<h2>The Carpenters' Richard E. Miller painting, Goldfish</h2><br>
<p>The Carpenters owned a very rare painting by artist Richard E. Miller titled Goldfish, circa 1912. The subject was Millers wife and daughter. Millers daughter died shortly after the painting was completed. The painting was inherited by Carpenters niece. In 1990 the niece offered Goldfish to the Des Moines Art Center. With little research, the Art Center rejected the offer. The Art Center already had an example of Richard Millers work. The Art Center failed to recognize the importance of the painting in that it depicted the artists last painting of his daughter. Carpenters niece donated the painting to her alma mater Simpson College, Indianola, Iowa with full knowledge of the paintings value. Simpson college sent Goldfish to Sothebys auction house for sale in New York 1992.</p><br>
<p>Raccoon Creek is a 114 mi stream that drains parts of five Ohio counties. It originates in Hocking County, Ohio. It flows through Vinton County and Gallia County and a corner of Meigs County. Its largest tributary, Little Raccoon Creek, arises in Jackson County. The watershed also includes part of Athens County, drained by another tributary, Hewett Fork. The other major tributaries are Elk Fork, located entirely in Vinton County, and Brushy Fork, which is mostly in Vinton County with a small area in Hocking County.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>*Mouth: Confluence with the Ohio River in Gallia County at</p><br>
<p>*Origin: Confluence of the East and West Branches of Raccoon Creek near New Plymouth in Vinton County at</p><br>
<h2>Organizations</h2><br>
<p>The Raccoon Creek Partnership was established to deal with environmental and recreational issues pertaining to Raccoon Creek.</p><br>
<p>The River Lynch, also known as the Lynch Brook, is a minor tributary of the River Lea in Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, England.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Historically, the River Lynch was named after the flat terraces, known as a lynch in Old English, which were formed when cultivating the steep slopes of a river valley, much the same as the rice terraces of South East Asia. The terrace, or lynch, was designed to reduce soil erosion by slowing the rapid run-off of water, and a series of these terraces gave the Lynch landscape a stepped appearance. These terraces were used extensively in the area directly above the River Lynch for the production of water cress during the 19th and early 20th centuries, using the fertile brick earth soils of the valley sides. The site of these former terraces is still clearly visible today within the Lampits housing estate, in the sloping open area below the course of the New River, leading downhill to Conduit Lane East and the Lynch Mill Pond.</p><br>
<p>The terraces at the Lynch were situated above a deep funnel-shaped natural hole that carried water up from the chalk. The pond and watermill at Lynch Corner, fed by the spring, were described in medieval court rolls, as being ancient and known locally as Le Lince.</p><br>
<p>The New River, which passes directly overhead, closely hugging the 100 foot contour of the Lea Valley, destroyed much of the original landscape of the area, notably Lynch Hill and the Lynch Gap.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The course of the River Lynch has been altered extensively over the centuries for use in agriculture and then later for gravel extraction. The spring by the Lynch also supplies the Admiral&#39;s Walk Lake in the Lee Valley Park with clear water.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the rear property of Spring Lodge on Conduit Lane East, Hoddesdon, the Lynch is joined by the flow of the Woollens Brook after Bridgeways, the site of the former Lynch Mill, and then flows in an eastern direction under the Lea Valley Lines towards the former Lee Valley Caravan Park at Dobbs Weir. The Lynch then continues its journey in a southerly direction along a straightened channel, forming the western boundary of the caravan park, before joining the former original loop of the River Lea, which in turn becomes Broxbourne Mill Stream, by Dobbs Weir Lock.</p><br>
<h2>Public access</h2><br>
<p>It is possible to walk alongside the Lynch by following a public footpath to Dobbs Weir, albeit much of it has been enclosed within the gardens of the houses along Bridgeways, a private and unadopted road in Hoddesdon. The Lynch is visible and can be heard as you walk along the path where it is joined by the Woollens Brook before passing under the railway lines.</p><br>
<p>The Liberty of Glasshouse Yard was an extra-parochial liberty adjacent to the City of London. The liberty took its name from a glass manufacturing works established there. The area now forms part of the London Borough of Islington.</p><br>
<h2>Formation</h2><br>
<p>The area that became the liberty was originally an outlying part of the parish of St Botolph without Aldersgate. Most of the parish lay within the boundaries of the City of London, with a small part lying in the adjoining county of Middlesex. Over time the population of the Middlesex portion of the parish increased as it became a suburb of London, and when the Elizabethan Poor Law was introduced, a separate administration was formed.</p><br>
<h2>The Glasshouse</h2><br>
<p>The liberty became the site of a "glasshouse" or glass-making factory, probably in the reign of Elizabeth I, whose government pursued a policy of encouraging new industries. Such activities were banned from the area of the City itself, and so were set up in the area immediately adjoining it. By 1661 the factory was manufacturing crystal glass. By the end of the century, however, it appears to have been closed.</p><br>
<h2>Extent</h2><br>
<p>The Liberty of Glasshouse Yard was bounded to the south by the City, to the east by the parish of St Sepulchre to the northeast by the Liberty of Charterhouse and to the north and north west by the parish of St Luke&#39;s. It had an area of 5.6 acres, and by the 19th century was covered by parts of Goswell Street and Pickaxe Street.</p><br>
<h2>Governance</h2><br>
<h3>Finsbury division</h3><br>
<p>The liberty formed part of Ossulstone Hundred, one of six administrative divisions of the County of Middlesex. Ossulstone was the hundred nearest the City, and saw great population growth. By the 17th century it was found necessary to divide the ancient hundred into three autonomous divisions, and Glasshouse Yard became part of the Finsbury Division.</p><br>
<h3>Poor law</h3><br>
<p>The liberty was a separate jurisdiction from the remainder of the parish of St Botolph for the administration of the poor law, and by the early eighteenth century the chief officer was known as the "headborough". The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 allowed for the grouping of parishes into Poor Law Unions, with a single workhouse established in each union. In 1837 Glasshouse Yard was included in the East London Poor Law Union, which comprised the City parishes of St Botolph, Aldersgate, St Botolph, Aldgate, St Botolph, Bishopsgate and St Giles, Cripplegate. A board of guardians of twenty members was formed, with 2 being elected from the parish of St Botolph Aldersgate. The union built a workhouse at Homerton in 1852.</p><br>
<p>The Poor Law Amendment Act 1866 provided that all areas for which a separate poor rate was made were to be constituted as parishes, and accordingly Glasshouse Yard became a distinct civil parish separate from its mother parish.</p><br>
<p>In 1869 the East London PLU was merged with two other unions to form the City of London Poor Law Union, covering 118 parishes. In 1901 Glasshouse Yard was transferred to the Holborn Poor Law Union.</p><br>
<h3>Holborn District Board</h3><br>
<p>The Metropolis Management Act 1855 introduced the first modern local government bodies to govern the built-up area of London. The act introduced two tiers of administration: the Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW) which was to undertake major infrastructure projects with below it a lower level of incorporated parish vestries or district boards. District boards covered two or more parishes and consisted of a number of elected vestrymen from each constituent parish, the number depending on population. The Holborn District Board of Works covered five Middlesex parishes and consisted of forty-nine vestrymen, of which one represented Glasshouse Yard. The first elections were held in November 1855, when the entire membership of the board was elected. Thereafter elections for one third of the seats were held in May, beginning in the year 1857.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 the area of the Metropolitan Board became the County of London, and the London County Council replaced the MBW. The district board continued to exist for a further eleven years.</p><br>
<h3>Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury</h3><br>
<p>The London Government Act 1899 abolished the vestries and district boards within the County of London, replacing them with twenty-eight metropolitan boroughs. On 1 November 1900 Glasshouse Yard became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury which also consisted of the parishes of Charterhouse, Clerkenwell, St Luke and St Sepulchre. Glasshouse Yard was formally abolished in 1915 when the five parishes in the borough were merged into a single parish of Finsbury.</p><br>
<h2>Modern development</h2><br>
<p>The area once occupied by the liberty has been extensively redeveloped since the Second World War. A modern street named Glasshouse Yard has been constructed to the west of Goswell Road and adjacent to the Golden Lane Estate.</p><br>
<p>El Kowm or Al Kawm is a circular, 20 km gap in the Syrian mountains that houses a series of archaeological sites. The El Kowm oasis is located northeast of Palmyra in Syria, near Al-Sukhnah. It shows some of the longest and most important cultural sequences in the Middle East, with periods of occupation by humans for over 1 million years.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>An initial 5-day sounding was made in 1967 by M.N. van Loon and R. H. Dornemann with a 3 by trench at El Kowm I; a large Neolithic tell about 3 hectare in size. They categorised their findings into 5 periods; Early Neolithic (A), Middle Neolithic (B–C), Late Neolithic (D) and Post-Neolithic (E). Further excavations were made into a small outlying tell called El Kowm II by Danielle Stordeur between 1978 and 1987 by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs permanent mission to El Kowm-Mureybet (Syria). The Neolithic stages at this smaller outlying tell showed one of the first places where domestic water and wastewater systems have been installed.</p><br>
<p>Further surveys and fieldwork were carried out from 1980 onwards by Jacques and M.-C. Cauvin, Lorraine Copeland, Francis Hours, Jean Marie Le Tensorer and S. Muhesen. Since 1989 further research has been carried out by the Institute for Prehistory and Archaeological Science of the University of Basel and the Department of History at the University of Damascus. These have concentrated on Paleolithic sites at El Kowm called Nadaouiyeh Aïn Askar, showing periods of inhabitation between 500,000 and 100,000 BP, and Hummal, showing evidence of human inhabitation of over 1 million years through the Oldowan and Hummalian blade industry periods. Another period was identified under the Yabrudian levels that has been tentatively named as Tayacian.</p><br>
<h2>Major discoveries</h2><br>
<p>In 1996, a 450,000-year-old skull fragment of Homo erectus was discovered in an Acheulean level of the Old Paleolithic at Nadaouiyeh Aïn Askar. It has been described as one of the most important human skull fragments in the Middle East showing Far-Eastern features and giving us valuable knowledge about early human migration and origins.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the team from the University of Basel found over forty fossilized bone fragments from a mammoth camel dating as far back as 150,000 years at the Hummal site in El Kowm, a new species of camelid. The giant camel was thought to be twice the size of a modern camel. It was found along with human remains and was given the name Camelus moreli.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Natural springs clearly cluster around the southwest and northern rim of the plateau have sustained permanent settlements in the steppe. The inhabitants are thought to have hunted gazelles, equids and camelids. Vegetation was only possible for short periods in the Middle and Upper Pleistocene. Many stone tools and artefacts such as hand axes and arrowheads have been found and analysed. The site was abandoned prior to 11000 BC, and then re-occupied in the Neolithic between 7000–6500 BC with a large sedentary settlement.Cauvin, J. 1997: Naissance des divinités, naissance de l&#39;agriculture - La révolution des symboles</p><br>
<p>au néolithique. Paris: Editions du CNRS. Houses were well built and compartmentalised, many of which included gutters between rooms with holes to drain water out of the buildings. Art was found in the form of a painted fresco with equids on a plaster vessel. Comparisons of the Neolithic level culture have been made with Tell Abu Hureyra and Bouqras.</p><br>
<h2>Agriculture and irrigation</h2><br>
<p>Paleobotanical samples were analysed by Willem van Zeist who concluded that Emmer wheat and hard wheat had been cultivated since the earliest Neolithic stage at El Kowm I dating to c. 6300 BC. Danielle Stordeur excavated El Kowm II more recently and dated this to the Neolithic as far back as c. 7000 BC. Van Zeist suggested that some form of irrigation may have been employed at El Kowm I and the excavators at El Kowm II tentatively agreed with the hypothesis. Stordeur suggested that whilst the nearby settlement of Qdeir showed more nomadic features, El Kowm I and El Kowm II showed no signs of short term settlement. They suggesting the inhabitants could have made simple channels from the local springs to water the fields using a simple gravity system to deal with irregular rainfall patterns. This type of early irrigation is similar to that suggested to have been employed at Jericho. Jacques Cauvin has also suggested El Kowm as a possible location for the invention of irrigation.</p><br>
<p>Sigeion  was an ancient Greek city in the north-west of the Troad region of Anatolia located at the mouth of the Scamander . Sigeion commanded a ridge between the Aegean Sea and the Scamander which is now known as Yenişehir and is a part of the Çanakkale district in Çanakkale province, Turkey. The surrounding region was referred to as the Sigean Promonotory, which was frequently used as a point of reference by ancient geographers since it marked the mouth of the Hellespont. The outline of this promontory is no longer visible due to the alluvial activity of the Karamenderes which has filled in the embayment east of Yenişehir. The name Sigeion means silent place and is derived from Ancient Greek σιγή , silence; in Classical Antiquity, the name was assumed to be antiphrastic, i.e. indicating a characteristic of the place contrary to reality, since the seas in this region are known for their fierce storms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Archaic</h3><br>
<p>Sigeion was founded by the Mytilenaeans from nearby Lesbos in the 8th or 7th century BC. Towards the end of the 7th century BC, the Athenians sent the Olympic victor Phrynon to conquer Sigeion. According to tradition, Phrynon and the Mytilenaean aristocrat Pittacus fought a duel in which Pittacus won by outwitting his opponent by using a net. During this war the aristocrat and poet Alcaeus of Mytilene wrote several poems about the conflict in which he related how he had fled from battle, lost his shield, and endured the shame of the Athenians hanging it up as a trophy in their temple to Athena. Most of these poems are lost except for a few lines, and it is thought that they constituted the major source of information about the conflict for writers in Classical Antiquity.</p><br>
<p>The Athenians appealed to the Corinthian tyrant Periander to arbitrate between the two sides as to who should rightfully control Sigeion. Periander found in favour of Athens, accepting their argument that whereas they had taken part in the Trojan Wars and helped destroy nearby Ilion, the Mytilenaeans were Aeolians and so had only arrived in the region at a later date and therefore did not have the prior claim to the land. Two inscriptions written in Attic Greek, dating to c. 575-550 BC, and attributed to Sigeion indicate that Athenians continued to live at Sigeion for the next half century. Archaeological remains at the Mytilenaean fort of Achilleion 7–8 km south of Sigeion indicate that throughout this period the Mytilenaeans maintained a hostile presence nearby, and in the 540s this resulted in Mytilenes recapture of Sigeion. The Athenian tyrant Peisistratus responded by recapturing Sigeion and making his illegitimate son Hegesistratus tyrant of the city. Sigeion remained important to the Peisistratids. After Peisistratos son, Hippias, was banished from Athens in 510/9 BC, he spent his exile at Sigeion and minted coins which displayed the Athenian symbol of the owl and his own name as the legend.</p><br>
<h3>Classical</h3><br>
<p>Sigeion maintained close relations with Athens throughout the Classical period. The Sigeans were loyal allies whom we find praised by the Athenians in an inscription from either 451/0 and 418/17 BC, and throughout the 5th century Sigeion was a member of the Athenian run Delian League. In the tribute assessments Sigeion belonged to the Hellespontine District, and in the tribute lists which survive Sigeion appears a total of 15 times between 450/49 and 418/17 BC; at the beginning of this period its tribute was a modest 1,000 drachmas, but by the end its tribute assessment had risen to 1 talent. According to the contemporary historian Theopompus of Chios, Sigeion was the favourite residence of the Athenian general Chares, who spent time there in the late 340s and late 330s BC. The 4th century BC coinage of Sigeion may belong to the period of his rule (335-334 BC). Continuing links with Athens, indicated by Chares relationship with Sigeion, are also evident from the iconography of this coinage, which displayed a head of Athena on the obverse and an owl on the reverse. At some point in the 4th century BC (Aristotle simply says ἔναγχος, recently&#39;), Sigeion became embroiled in a land dispute with the nearby island of Tenedos to the south, although we know no further details.</p><br>
<h3>Hellenistic and Roman</h3><br>
<p>In 302 BC King Lysimachus took Sigeion by force when it refused to come over willingly from the side of Antigonus I Monophthalmus. In 168 BC Sigeion sheltered the Macedonian fleet of Antigonus descendant Perseus of Macedon. At some point after this, Sigeion was abandoned: in the latter part of Augustus reign, the geographer Strabo described Sigeion as κατεσπασμένη πόλις, a city which has been torn down, and in the mid 1st century AD both Pomponius Mela and Pliny the Elder likewise referred to Sigeion as abandoned. However, references in later sources indicate that the promontory continued to be known as Sigeion for many centuries to come.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>J.M. Cook, The Troad (Oxford, 1973).</p><br>
<p>J.V. Luce, The Homeric topography of the Trojan Plain reconsidered OJA 3 (1984) 31-43.</p><br>
<p>M. Korfmann, Beşik-Tepe. Vorbericht über die Ergebnisse der Granungen von 1985 und 1986 Archäologische Anzeiger (1988) 391-8.</p><br>
<p>A.U. Kossatz, Beşik-Tepe 1985 und 1986; zur archaischen Keramik vom Beşik-Tepe Archäologische Anzeiger (1988) 398-404.</p><br>
<p>L.H. Jeffery, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece Rev. ed. (Oxford, 1990).</p><br>
<p>S. Mitchell, Sigeion in M.H. Hansen and T.H. Nielsen (eds.), An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis (Oxford, 2004) no. 791.</p><br>
<p>The O&#39;Brien County Courthouse located in Primghar, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the fourth building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The county’s first courthouse was a log building built on a farm for about $2,000 in 1860. It was later moved to a different location where it served as a schoolhouse, blacksmith shop and a stable. The county’s second courthouse was completed in April 1874 for about $2,000 as well. The building is three-stories tall and the exterior is clad in Bedford stone. It features rather large windows. The interior corridors are made of marble and the handrails in the stairways are finished in bronze.</p><br>
<p>The Plymouth County Courthouse located in Le Mars, Iowa, United States, was built in 1891. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the fourth building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The county’s first courthouse was located in Melbourne and part of the building housed a grocery store. The county seat was moved to Le Mars in 1872 after its citizens offered to build a new courthouse. It served the county for two years when another courthouse was built for $3,000. It was designed by Minneapolis architectural firm of Kinney & Detweiler and built by a local contractor Emil Miller. The exterior is constructed in red sandstone, but unlike other courthouses in Iowa that were constructed of this material, the sandstone is smoothly-dressed much as Bedford stone. The building features a large pedimented tetrastyle portico with columns in the Composite order. The building was originally capped by a large cupola that was removed in 1932.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was the scene of protests by local farmers during the Great Depression. These included a milk strike, activities by the Farmers Holiday Association, and protests against farm foreclosures in 1932 and 1933.</p><br>
<p>The Pocahontas County Courthouse located in Pocahontas, Iowa, United States, was built in 1923. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the third building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first county seat for Pocahontas County was located at a place called Old Rolfe. The courthouse there was a brick building on a stone foundation that also served as a schoolhouse. The bricks for the building were made of local clay. The present courthouse was designed by the Des Moines architectural firm of Proudfoot, Bird & Rawson in the Classical Revival style. The building was completed in 1923 and it was constructed of brick and Bedford stone.</p><br>
<p>Brophy College Chapel is a chapel at Brophy College Preparatory, a high school Phoenix, Arizona. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1928 along with the original school as a donation from Mrs. William Henry Brophy in memory of her late husband. The Mission/Spanish Colonial Revival building was built from brick with stucco facing, along with clay tile for the roof. The chapel is a two and a half tall square building measuring 100x100 feet. Pilasters divide the building into vertical bays. It was designed by Lescher & Mahoney, architects who designed several other NRHP-listed buildings in Phoenix.</p><br>
<p>Situated along Phoenixs Central Avenue in mid-town, the bell tower of the chapel, which is 135 ft tall and topped with a dome and cross, is the focal point of the campus and serves as Brophys logo.</p><br>
<h3>Interior architecture</h3><br>
<p>The buildings altar is pink tufa, quarried near Wickenburg, designed in a Mexican baroque style. A painting of the Holy Family by an unknown Italian artist of the 15th century is framed above. Inside the sacristy, a 1670 crucifix from the Monks Cemetery at Evaux in France is hung.</p><br>
<p>Local blacksmiths built the heavily Spanish-inspired wrought iron chandeliers. Other metalwork includes the original Communion rail, moved after Vatican Council II to a side altar.</p><br>
<p>The stained glass windows were executed in Dublin, Ireland, by the artists of An Tur Gloine. All except one in the choir loft had been ordered by 1934; a local artist was commissioned to create this remaining window in 1985.</p><br>
<h3>Parish use</h3><br>
<p>In 1928, St. Francis was the second parish established in Phoenix. The Brophy chapel served the parish until 1959.</p><br>
<p>Malheur Reservoir is an irrigation lake along Willow Creek in Malheur County in the USA state of Oregon. Built by the Orchard Irrigation District in the 1930s, the 1,282 acre lake can hold about 49,000 acre.ft of water, which is used to irrigate about 2,300 acre of farmland downstream. Draining a semi-arid rangeland basin of 254 square miles, the reservoir receives very high concentrations of nutrients and is naturally eutrophic.</p><br>
<p>About 80 percent of the 12.3 mi shoreline is privately owned, Since the mid-1960s, the reservoir has been stocked with rainbow trout, although fishing conditions have varied with weather cycles, and the reservoir has at times gone dry during drought. During wet cycles, it is capable of producing trout in excess of 20 in long.</p><br>
<p>The lake is accessible by dirt road, starting either from an intersection with USA Route 26, about 15 mi to the southwest, near Ironside, or from a different intersection with Route 26, about 15 mi to the southeast near Brogan. The lake has a boat ramp on the north shore, and camping is possible in a few places near the ramp. The Malheur County Parks Department maintains the boat ramp as well as gravel parking and a restroom.</p><br>
